Amelia12+Enchanted

__Domestic Violence: The Real Problem behind It and How It Is Affecting Women’s Health__ Domestic Violence is a growing problem in society today. “Domestic violence impacts families, children, the legal system, schools, neighborhoods, businesses and the fabric of our community” (“Agencies Focus on Domestic Violence”, 2009, 2). Domestic violence has an increased incidence with alcohol and drug abusers but there is more evidence proving that domestic violence occurs not because of “loss of control” but rather the need for someone in the relationship to be in total control. This need to feel in control quickly turns into violence between many couples causing a rise in the number of domestic violence cases reported. The need for total control strains relationships and quickly can turn into violence which damages. The real question to be asked is what effect does domestic violence have on women’s health? Women’s health encompasses physical, emotional and psychological aspects of health. Domestic violence affects a woman as whole and health care needs to be adapted to treating all aspects of their health. Domestic violence can contribute too many chronic illnesses such as depression, alcoholism, substance abuse, sexually transmitted infections and HIV/AIDS. Most healthcare facilities will only treat the presenting problems and discharge a woman before treating the underlying cause of the injuries which results in increased problems as time continues. While domestic violence can be a woman abusing a man, almost every case involves a male abusing his female partner. Feminist.com performed a study in the year 2008 and found that 64% of women reported being raped or abused by a current or former husband, cohabitating partner or boyfriend. The survey also found that 1 in 4 to 5 college women are experience a complete or attempted rape by a male during their college years. And finally, the study found that “somewhere in America, a woman is battered, usually by her intimate male partner, every 15 seconds (Facts about Violence, 2008). An argument can be considered domestic violence as soon as the abusive partner puts his or her hands on their significant other. Some may not consider domestic violence to be a serious issue but a study done in the year 2000 found that 20-50% of the female population in the entire world would be a victim of domestic violence at some point in their lives. There are 18 students in Women’s Studies 110 at The Ohio State University. Applying the study’s findings and hypothetically stating that all 18 enrolled students are females, about 4 to 9 students in this class will be a victim of domestic violence at some points in their lives. In the year 2006, a census done in Ohio found terrifying statistics. 20,608 domestic violence cases were filed in Ohio; 38,512 arrests were made under Ohio domestic violence laws and 345 deaths occurred as a result of domestic violence (National Coalition Against Domestic Violence, 2006). Sadly, these figures have only continued to increase over the years. Who are the real victims of domestic violence? In almost every case reported to police, the violence is men against women. Men can also be victims but usually in these cases, it tends to be only in single sex partnerships where the male partner abuses the other male. In general though, women are 5-8 times more likely to be abused then men. The highest incidence rates of domestic violence occur in the age groups of 16-24 year olds. In these cases, it is always by an intimate partner. Separating incidence rates by race, African American females are more likely than any other race to be found victims of domestic violence (Facts About Violence, 2008). This may be attributed to the lower economic status of many African Americans but there is no scientific evidence to prove this.  The real danger of domestic violence lies in the physical injury caused by domestic violence. Only 1 in 5 women will seek medical attention in a hospital after a domestic violence incident. This danger is increased by a lack of reporting of domestic violence incidents. It has been found that only ½ of all domestic violence cases are reported to police. This means that the issue of domestic violence never leaves the home and continues until severe injury or death occurs. Lack of reporting and lack of treatment can often lead to murder in domestic violence cases. Murder is a common finding with domestic violence cases. Over the years, the number of murder cases has sharply decreased. This decrease in murder can be attributed to the multiple shelters that have been created for victims of domestic violence. It can also be attributed to the creation of help lines for victims to receive advice on how to get away from their situation. Many first arrivers at the scenes of domestic violence are paramedics who are sent out with the 911 call. “Paramedics are frequently the first point of contact for victims. Due to their unique viewpoint, paramedics have the advantage of potentially identifying and reporting domestic violence, which can then result in early intervention” (Eldon and Williams, 2010, 359). The main issue with domestic violence is the danger that it presents on women’s health. When medical personnel consider health status, they look at a person’s wellness, fitness and any underlying diseases or injuries. Mainly, a person’s health status is affected by their lifestyle choices such as nutrition, compliance with diets and daily activities along with any substance abuse or smoking habits. Using health status indicators, a community’s overall health status can be assessed. This community health indicator can also predict any issues that a community is at risk for. For example, if a community has high rates of tobacco use, they will be at an increased risk for heart disease, cancers (especially lung and esophageal cancer), respiratory diseases and suddent infant deaths. Because domestic violence is often associated with relationships where one partner uses alcohol or substance abuse the conclusion can be drawn that in communities where drug and alcohol abuse are present indicates higher rates of domestic violence.  The number one injury that most people will associate with domestic violence is physical injury. These injuries can range from bumps and bruises to coma and death. In the first few cases of domestic violence, many women will not report their cases for both hope that their partner will get better if they stay with them and also out of fear that they will kill them. Whatever victim’s reason for not reporting, the longer the domestic violence goes on, the worse the injuries will get with each incident. In most cases, the beginning of the domestic violence issues will be small attacks with injuries that will heal themselves (i.e. cuts and bruises). As the relationship continues and the abusive partner begins to feel “power in his punches”, the injuries will become more life threatening. Another injury that can be caused by domestic violence is emotional injury. Emotional abuse is considered to be just as damaging to the woman as physical injury. Many people would not consider this a significant problem but to the person experiencing the injury, it can be a lifelong recovery. When treating victims for domestic violence, emotional abuse is often overlooked but the abuse can leave life-long scars if untreated. Domestic violence can lower a woman’s self-esteem, decrease their ability to think rationally (mainly out of fear of the decisions they make) and loss of independence. Domestic violence does not have to involve beatings and bruisings, emotional abuse can be just as damaging to a partner as physical. Emotional abuse can include name calling, yelling, isolation and controlling behavior. Along with emotional abuse, a reason that partners cannot leave abusive relationships is because of financial abuse. By controlling the income of the couple, the abusive partner makes sure a spouse or partner has no way to leave because of lack of resources. An abusive partner will withhold credit cards and cash, giving the abused partner a weekly “allowance” and making the abused partner account for every penny of money spent just to state a few. Financial abuse can have significant effects on escaping from the relationship. The abusive partner knows that if they can control their partner, there is no way they can ever leave them making them feel more dominant and controlling. Sexual abuse is largely a part of domestic violence and is considered to be part of physical violence. Sexual abuse is considered when a partner is forced to participate in any unwanted, unsafe or degrading sexual activity. Forced sex, even if it is with an intimate partner where the couple has previously had consensual sex, is considered rape. No matter the relationship status of a couple, each partner always has the right to say “no”. Physical dominance mixed with sexual dominance makes the abusive partner feel as if they have extreme control over their partner. Therefore, any situation where there is both physical and sexual abuse occurring, the rates of death are higher. The best way to stop domestic violence is to recognize the signs that it is occurring. The first signs to recognize are the characteristics of the abuser. Abusers use dominance against their victims. Abusive individuals need to feel power in their relationships. They will make decisions for the whole family and control every aspect of their partner’s life. They may treat their partner as a possession in order to control them. Abusers also use humiliation to abuse their partners. They want their partner to feel worthless. They make their partner believe that no one else will ever want them if they leave the relationship. Insults, name calling and public put downs are all designed to decrease a female’s self-esteem in order to make her feel powerless. An abusive partner will isolate their partner in order to increase their dependence. He will prevent the abused partner from seeing her family and friends and will make their partner ask for permission to go anywhere or see anyone. Abusers will continually threaten their partner to prevent them from reporting the domestic violence. This is the main reason why women lack in reporting of domestic violence. Abusers will intimidate their partners by using threatening looks and gestures, destroying property and even putting weapons on display for the victim to see. This sends a message to the victim that there will be violent consequences if the victim does not obey their abuser. Finally, abusers use denial and blame as a reason for their behavior. They blame their aggression on a bad childhood, a bad day and very often on the victims of their abuse. Somehow, the violent abuser will blame their abused partner for their anger and behavior. Because of the prevalence of domestic violence in society today, women need to know the resources available to them if they become a victim. The first thing that a woman needs to do to protect herself is she is currently in an abusive relationship is to prepare ahead of time. She should prepare a bag with everything that she would need if she had to leave suddenly. She should make a copy of her car keys and store them somewhere only she knows about. Pack a bag with all of the clothes she would need to stay away for a few days. If children are involved in the relationship, pack enough stuff for them (i.e. their clothes, favorite toys, etc.) to stay away for a few days. Have enough money packed in the bag to pay for a hotel room if needed for a few nights. If the abuser has attempted to kill any of them, the family will be safer to stay away from any familiar locations and stay in a hotel for the first night. If they drive far enough, this will ensure that their partner will not be able to locate them. Once the abused partner has escaped the situation, there are shelters that have been established that allow families to stay and get help until they are able to be on their feet again. In Columbus, Ohio there are 5 shelters and a counseling service available to victims. If a victim is unsure if their situation is considered domestic violence, there are multiple hotlines that victims can call. These hotlines also offer advice to victims on how to escape their situations and regain their lives back. Victims can call CHOICES hotlines if they are located in Columbus, Ohio and talk to a real person about their problems. Many women find strength by hearing the stories of other women. “Survival stories help people who are suffering abuse and living in shame find the strength to talk about their own pain” (Dodd, 2007, p. 3J). Domestic violence is an increasing problem in society today. Domestic violence is claiming too many lives and causing too much permanent damage to its victims. Health care workers need to examine all aspects of a woman when they report their case to decrease the number of scars left over. Power and control are the central reasons why abusers victimize their partners and the abused fears of death and being alone forever cause the abuse to be a continual cycle. The only way to stop domestic violence is for victims to stand up and speak out about their attacks. Ladonna Wilkerson spoke publicly about her attack after she and her son were both shot (her son, killed). “Everyone who has been through a situation like this has a story. We have to do something to stop this” (Dodd, 2007, p.3J). Domestic violence is taking over the lives of too many people in society something needs to be done to stop this madness. Added Sources  1. // Facts about Violence. //N.p. 2008. Web. 30 November 2010. []  a. This article gives several different recent statistics about domestic violence and its prevalence in society today. These statistics demonstrate that women are the victims of domestic violence and that men are the one’s battering women. This testifies to my point of stating that women are more often than not battered by men.  2. National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. // Domestic Violence Facts: Ohio //. N.p. 2006. Web. 30 November 2010. []  a. This article gives insight in the year 2006 about statistics of domestic violence in Ohio. It provides research on statistics regarding arrests, occurrences, deaths and number of people who located a shelter after they were victimized.

**The Real Problem behind It and How It Is Affecting Women’s Health**
====Domestic Violence is a rising GROWING problem in society today. “Domestic violence impacts families, children, the legal system, schools, neighborhoods, businesses and the fabric of our community” (“Agencies Focus on Domestic Violence”, 2009, 2). Financial problems are a painstaking PRESSING? problem in our country today which is leading to increased tension between couples. This tension quickly turns into violence between many couples causing a rise in domestic violence cases reported. (needs substantiation: you are saying that the cause of domestic violence is financial. Is this the only cause? Are there people who believe there are other causes?) ====

AN IMPORTANT QUESTION TO BE ASKED (you are suggesting that other questions about domestic violence aren't "real.")
====is what affect EFFECT does domestic violence have on women’s health? Women’s health encompasses physical, emotional and psychological aspects of health. Domestic violence affects a woman as whole and health care needs to be adapted to treating all aspects of their health. TRANSITIONAL SENTENCE NEEDED HERE ==== ====While domestic violence can be a woman abusing a man, almost every case involves a male abusing his female partner. (needs substantiation; this is a key point, we can't just take your word for it.) An argument can be considered domestic violence as soon as the abusive partner puts his or her hands on their significant other. Some may not consider domestic violence to be a serious issue but a study done in the year 2000 found that 20-50% of the female population in the entire world would be a victim of domestic violence at some point in their lives. There are 18 students in Women’s Studies 110 at The Ohio State University. Applying the study’s findings and hypothetically stating that all 18 enrolled students are females, about 4 to 9 students in this class will be a victim of domestic violence at some points in their lives. It was found in Pinellas County, located in southern central Florida, in the year 2007, “29,000+ phone calls were made to Pinellas County hotlines, 11 deaths and 6,090 cases were presented to the State Attorney office regarding Domestic Violence” (Abel, 2008, p. 1). These figures, sadly, continue to increase over the years. You are going from the personal (your class stats) to a broader perspective (a Florida county). You must present the statistics in the same way. You don't say how many people live in Pinellas County. Also, an Ohio county would work better here) ==== ====Who are the real victims of domestic violence? In almost every case reported to police, the violence is men against women. Men can also be victims but usually in these cases, it tends to be in single sex partnerships where the male partner abuses the other male. In general though, women are 5-8 times more likely to be abused then men. The highest incidence rates of domestic violence occur in the age groups of 16-24 year olds. Support this with a citation. In these cases, it is always by an intimate partner. Separating incidence rates by race, African American females are more likely than any other race to be found victims of domestic violence. This may be attributed to the lower economic status of many African Americans but there is no scientific evidence to prove this. But you have said in your introduction that economics is the cause of domestic violence. This needs fixing. ====

This danger is increased by a lack of reporting of domestic violence incidents.
====It has been found that only ½ of all domestic violence cases are reported to police. This means that the issue of domestic violence never leaves the home and continues until severe injury or death occurs. Lack of reporting and lack of treatment can often lead to murder in domestic violence cases. Murder is a common finding with OUTCOME IN domestic violence cases. Over the years, the number of murder cases has sharply decreased. This decrease in murder can be attributed to the multiple shelters that have been created for victims of domestic violence. It can also be attributed to the creation of help lines for victims to receive advice on how to get away from their situation. Many first arrivers at the scenes of domestic violence are paramedics who are sent out with the 911 call. “Paramedics are frequent the first point of contacts for victims. Due to their unique viewpoint, paramedics have the advantage of potentially identifying and reporting, which can then result in early intervention” (Eldon and Williams, 2010, 359).==== ====The main issue with domestic violence is the danger that it presents on women’s health. When medical personnel consider health status, they look at a person’s wellness, fitness and any underlying diseases or injuries. Mainly, a person’s health status is affected by their lifestyle choices such as nutrition, compliance with diets and activities and any substance abuse or smoking habits. Using health status indicators, a communities COMMUNITY'S overall health status can be assessed. This community health indicator can also predict any issues that a community is at risk for. For example, if a community has high rates of tobacco use, they will be at an increased risk for heart disease, cancers (especially lung and esophageal cancer), respiratory diseases and infant deaths. Therefore, it can be found in communities with high rates of alcohol and substance abuse combined with lower socioeconomic status there will be an increased risk for domestic violence. This needs support. You are making a class-based argument here - it's more complicated than this. Do doctors and lawyers and university professors suffer from domestic violence, or is it just that they are less susceptible to police oversight? You need to track down some support for your claims here. ==== ====The number one injury that most people will associate with domestic violence is physical injury. This seems like a common sense injury that will affect women. WHAT IS A COMMON SENSE INJURY? These injuries can range from bumps and bruises to coma and death. In the first few cases of domestic violence, many women will not report their cases for both hope that their partner will get better if they stay with them and also out of fear that they will kill them. Whatever victim’s reason for not reporting, the longer the domestic violence goes on, the worse the injuries will get with each incident. In most cases, the beginning of the domestic violence issues will be small attacks with injuries that will heal themselves (i.e. cuts and bruises). As the relationship continues and the abusive partner begins to feel “power in his punches”, the injuries will become more life threatening.====

====Another injury that can be caused by domestic violence is emotional injury. Emotional abuse is considered to be just as damaging to the woman as physical injury. Many people would not consider this a significant problem but to the person experiencing the injury, it can be a lifelong recovery. When treating victims for domestic violence, emotional abuse is often overlooked but the abuse can leave life-long scars if untreated. Domestic violence can lower a woman’s self-esteem, decrease their ability to think rationally (mainly out of fear of the decisions they make) and loss of independence. Domestic violence does not have to involve beatings and bruisings, emotional abuse can be just as damaging to a partner as physical. Emotional abuse can include name calling, yelling, isolation and controlling behavior.==== ====Along with emotional abuse, a reason that partners cannot leave abusive relationships is because of financial abuse. By controlling the income of the couple, the abused partner has no way to leave because of lack of resources.====

By controlling the income of the couple, the abusive partner makes sure a spouse has no way to leave because of lack of resources.
====An abusive partner will withhold credit cards and cash, giving the abused partner a weekly “allowance” and making the abused partner account for every penny of money spent just to state a few. Financial abuse can have significant effects on escaping from the relationship. The abusive partner knows that if they can control their partner, there is no way they can ever leave them making them feel more dominant and controlling.==== ====Sexual abuse is largely a part of domestic violence and is considered to be part of physical violence. Sexual abuse is considered when a partner is forced to participate in any unwanted, unsafe or degrading sexual activity. Forced sex, even if it is with an intimate partner where the couple has previously had consensual sex, is considered rape. No matter the relationship status of a couple, each partner always has the right to say “no”. Physical dominance mixed with sexual dominance makes the abusive partner feel as if they have extreme control over their partner. Therefore, any situation where there is both physical and sexual abuse occurring, the rates of death are higher.==== ====The best way to stop domestic violence is to recognize the signs that it is occurring. The first signs to recognize are the characteristics of the abuser. Abusers use dominance against their victims. Abusive individuals need to feel power in their relationships. They will make decisions for the whole family and control every aspect of their partner’s life. They may treat their partner as a possession in order to control them. Abusers also use humiliation to abuse their partners. They want their partner to feel worthless. They make their partner believe that no one else will ever want them if they leave the relationship. Insults, name calling and public put downs are all designed to decrease a female’s self-esteem in order to make her feel powerless.==== ====An abusive partner will isolate their partner in order to increase their dependence. He will prevent the abused partner from seeing her family and friends and will make their partner ask for permission to go anywhere or see anyone. Abusers will continually threaten their partner to prevent them from reporting the domestic violence. This is the main reason why women lack in reporting of domestic violence. Abusers will intimidate their partners by using threatening looks and gestures, destroying property and even putting weapons on display for the victim to see. This sends a message to the victim that there will be violent consequences if the victim does not obey their abuser. Finally, abusers use denial and blame as a reason for their behavior. They blame their aggression on a bad childhood, a bad day and very often on the victims of their abuse. Somehow, the violent abuser will blame their abused partner for their anger and behavior.==== ====Because of the prevalence of domestic violence in society today, women need to know the resources available to them if they become a victim. The first thing that a woman needs to do to protect herself is she is currently in an abusive relationship is to prepare ahead of time. She should prepare a bag with everything that she would need if she had to leave suddenly. SHE SHOULD M ake a copy of her car keys and store them somewhere only she knows about. Pack a bag with all of the clothes she would need to stay away for a few days. If children are involved in the relationship, pack enough stuff for them (i.e. their clothes, favorite toys, etc.) to stay away for a few days. Have enough money packed in the bag to pay for a hotel room if needed for a few nights. If the abuser has attempted to kill any of them, the family will be safer to stay away from any familiar locations and stay in a hotel for the first night. If they drive far enough, this will ensure that their partner will not be able to locate them.==== ====Once the abused partner has escaped the situation, there are shelters that have been established that allow families to stay and get help until they are able to be on their feet again. In Columbus, OH Ohio there are 5 shelters and a counseling service available to victims. If a victim is unsure if their situation is considered domestic violence, there are multiple hotlines that victims can call. These hotlines also offer advice to victims on how to escape their situations and regain their lives back.==== ====Victims can call CHOICES hotlines if they are located in Columbus, OH and talk to a real person about their problems. Many women find strength by hearing the stories of other women. “Survival stories help people who are suffering abuse and living in shame find the strength to talk about their own pain” (Dodd, 2007, p. 3J). Domestic violence is an increasing problem in society today. Domestic violence is claiming too many lives and causing too much permanent damage to its victims. Health care workers need to examine all aspects of a woman when they report their case to decrease the number of scars left over. Power and control are the central reasons why abusers victimize their partners and the abused fears of death and being alone forever cause the abuse to be a continual cycle. The only way to stop domestic violence is for victims to stand up and speak out about their attacks. Ladonna Wilkerson spoke publicly about her attack after she and her son were both shot (her son, killed). “Everyone who has been through a situation like this has a story. We have to do something to stop this” (Dodd, 2007, p.3J). Domestic violence is taking over the lives of too many people in society something needs to be done to stop this madness.====

You can't prove that domestic violence is caused by the economy -- or certainly not in an essay of this length. You can't prove that domestic violence is perpetrated by a single gender (or at least, if you do, it will take you much more time and space than you have in this essay). However, you can give good information on the effects of domestic violence on women in an essay of this length, and you've done a good job of that here.

Your resources need to be reformatted.

1. Abel, Jonathan. Remembering the Victims (30 January, 2008). St. Petersburg Times pp1 APA Newspaper source: (2008, January 30) Newspaper title is italicized, you need the section number as well as the page number. a. The author writes about a ceremony that took place the previous weekend to remember victims who have been killed by their partners or spouses. The article also goes on to leave statistical information regarding how prevalent domestic violence really is in society today. 2. Agencies Focus on Domestic Violence. (23 October, 2009). St. Petersburg Times pp2 a. The newspaper article contained several letters to the editor regarding their personal feelings on domestic violence. The article discusses all of the agencies in the area that serve as a great resource for preventing domestic violence in communities 3. Alexander, Reagan; Benet, Lorenzo; Cotliar, Sharon; Jordan, Julie; Lee, Ken; Marx, Linda; Messer, Lesley; Nahas, Aili; Wang, Cynthia. Dad Explosion. People 74. People is a magazine, its title should be italicized. Authors are not punctuated properly. There is no date, no volume number. Your readers won't be able to find your source. a. This article looks into a relationship between a famous couple with sextuplets. The father in the episode being arrested for domestic violence threats. It looks into the marriage counseling that the couple utilized to help solve the issues that led to the domestic violence threats. 4. Allard, Carolyn B.; Grimes, Erin M.; Matthews, Scott C.; Paulus, Martin P.; Reinhardt, Lindsay E.; Simmons, Alan N.; Stein, Murray B.; Strigo, Irina A. Neural Correlates of Altered Pain Response in Women with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder from Intimate Partner Violence. Biological Psychiatry 68. Doi. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.03.034. date? authors not punctuated properly. a. Intimate Partner Violence is the most common cause of Posttraumatic stress disorder. The article reviews a study which used experimental pain with females who had PTSD from IPV. 5. Applegate, Amy G.; Ballard, Robin H.; Beck, Connie J. A.; Holtzworth-Munroe, Amy; Putz, John W; Walsh, Michele E. Divorce Medication With and Without Legal Representation: A Focus on Intimate Partner Violence and Abuse. Family Court Review 48. Doi 10.1111/j.1744-1617.2010.01338.x  date? a. In this article, the writers discuss the levels of abuse/violence in relationships and the agreements reached in mediation during divorce. It also looks at mediations between violent couples reached during divorce settlements. The writers look at the difference in representation in violent vs. nonviolent couples. 6. The Associated Press. Columnist Is Sentenced To Probation. (2001, October 1). New York Times pp. 14 a. The article discussed how the AOL farmhouse columnist, Jay Mariotti, was sentenced to probation after an incident with a female companion arose in August. The article discussed the punishment that arose after the incident occurred.

You need to review the rest of these sources for formatting errors.

7. Bills, Jessie; LaLiberte, Traci; Edleson, Jeffrey L; Shin, Narae. Child welfare professionals' responses to domestic violence exposure among children. In Children & Youth Services Review 32 p.1640-1647. Doi. 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.06.025 a. This article discussed ways that welfare professionals are more accurately assessing children’s risk of domestic violence in the homes. The study evaluated how children’s exposure to domestic violence affected their personal lives. The article discussed how the study would better perform risk assessments on children. 8. Bogaerts, Stefan; Kunst, Maarten; Winkel, Frans Willem. Domestic Violence and Mental Health in a Dutch Community Sample: The Adverse Role of Loneliness. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 20. Doi. 10.1002/casp.1040. a. The article reviews a study which set out to determine if the adverse effects of domestic violence victimization varied by types of loneliness (i.e. emotional and social loneliness). The study reviews different participants who all self-reported their loneliness. The interactions are then reviewed in this article 9. Bowden, Vicky R.; Greenberg, Cindy Smith (2010). Children and Their Families: The Continuum of Care. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. a. The author reviews the effects of violence on families and children. It discusses signs to recognize when children and family members are victims of domestic violence and how to appropriately treat them. 10. Bybee, Deborah; Horrocks, Julie; Yoshihama, Mieko. Intimate Partner Violence and Initiation of Smoking and Drinking: A Population-Based Study of Women in Yokohama, Japan. Social Science and Medicine 71. Doi. 10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.018. a. The article reviews a study that discusses about the effects of domestic violence leading to substance abuse. It was found that IPV lead to initiation of smoking and current patterns of drinking. The conclusion in this study that the article discusses is the need to begin substance abuse counseling and education subsequently to domestic violence counseling. 11. Dodd, D. Aileen. Victim Speaks Out to Help Stop Domestic Violence (2 October, 2007). The Atlanta Journal-Constitution pp3. a. The author writes about the struggles that a 34-year old woman suffers from being the victim of domestic violence. She gives insight into what it has really been like to live with the pain of being a victim. The author also tells the reader the hopes and dreams that the victim has for the future regarding change with domestic violence. 12. Edlin, Alex; Williams, Angela; Williams, Brett. Pre-Hospital Provider Recognition of Intimate Partner Violence. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 17. Doi. 10.1016/j/jflm.2010.08.004 a. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is first noticed by paramedics (or pre-hospital providers). This article takes a look at the IPV from the perspective of the paramedics. It also discusses the interventions that they can take because they are the first to arrive to each scene. 13. Ellen E. Bowen; Robinson, Gail Erlick: Domestic Violence Treatment for Abusive Women-A Treatment Manual. Archives of Women's Mental Health 13. Doi. 10/1007/s00737-010-0174-2. a. This article reviews the book written by Ellen E. Bowen. It discusses different treatment options for women who are victims of domestic violence.

14. George, David T. Adjunctive fluoxetine may reduce aggression in alcohol-related domestic violence. Brown University Psychopharmacology Update 21 a. This study found that the combination of SSRI therapy and alcohol counseling would help relieve anger that could possibly reduce the number of domestic violence cases in alcohol related episodes. By decreasing the alcohol that is present in the relationship, this could decrease the number of domestic violence cases in the United States today. 15. Hill, J.R.; Thies, J. Program Theory and Logic Model to Address the Co-Occurrence of Domestic Violence and Child Maltreatment. Evaluation and Program Planning 33. DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2010.07.018 a. This article discussed the model used to guide St. Louis County Greenbrook Collaboration to assess domestic violence and child maltreatment. The study hoped to find an exact correlation to better treat victims of child maltreatment and domestic violence. 16. Jewell, Lisa M.; Wormith, J. Stephen. Variables Associated with Attrition from Domestic Violence Treatment Programs Targeting Male Batterers: A Meta-Analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior 37. Doi 10.1177/0093854810376815 a. The article reviews a study done to determine the attrition of male batterers. To determine who was most likely to return back to old habits, the study was based on demographics, violence related behavior and intrapersonal variables. It was found that the factors that predict attrition also predict recidivism. 17. Kuo, Fang-Yu; Li, Chien-De; Lin, Jin-Ding; Lin, Jin-Ding; Lin, Lan-Ping; Lin, Pei-Ying; Wu, Jia-Lin. Domestic violence against people with disabilities: Prevalence and trend analyses. Research in Developmental Disabilities 31. Doi 10.1016/j.ridd.2010.07.018 a. The article discussed the reporting rates of domestic violence in people with developmental disabilities vs. those who do not. The study determined that law enforcement officials need to pay close attention to those whom have disabilities and provide them with the appropriate services. This will allow people with developmental disabilities to more readily reporting domestic violence. 18. Man, W.Y.N; Poulos, R.G.; Spangaro, J.M.; Zwi, A.B. Who tells and what happens: disclosure and health service responses to screening for intimate partner violence. Health & Social Care in the Community 18. DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2010.03.001 a. Discusses ways to find hidden abuse in females. It looks into reasons why women do not tell authorities about abuse. During protocol, authorities need to offer more opportunities for women to disclose more information in discussions. 19. Ricci, Susan Scott (2009). Essentials of Maternity, Newborn and Women’s Health in Nursing. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. a. This author discusses how important it is for health care workers, especially nurses to recognize signs and symptoms of victims. The author also discusses how to treat victims of domestic violence.

20. Walden, R. C. Violence against Women (27 July 2002). The Lancet a. In the article, the author refers to domestic violence being attributed to women wanting to be more active in the workplace causing violent behavior towards them. The author writes about the role that the whole family plays in starting a domestic violence dispute.

Very clear, practical outline. Outline for Women’s Studies 110 Paper Topic: Domestic Violence: The real problem behind it and how it is affecting womens health I. Domestic Violence a. What is it really? i. Domestic Violence is the abuse to females inflicted on them by their partners b. How prevalent is domestic violence i. In a year 2000 study, it was found that 20-50% the female population in the world will be a victim of domestic violence at some point in their life (feminist majority foundation) c. Who are the real victims i. Men can be victims but normally, it is by other men ii. Women are 5-8 times more likely than females to be victims of domestic violence (Feminist majority foundation) d. Who is the most likely group to be victimized i. 16 to 24 year olds 1. By an intimate partner ii. African American is more likely than White females to be affected e. The real danger behind it   i. Physical injury can be caused by domestic violence but only 1 in 5 victims will seek treatment in a hospital. ii. Only half domestic violence issues are reported 1. The danger never leaves the home if no one ever knows what is really taking place iii. Murder is very common during domestic violence disputes 1. There is a sharp decrease in the number of murders seen recently 2. The decrease in murders is attributed to the multiple shelters and help lines that are common today II. Dangers to Women’s Health a. Physical Injury i. Physical Injury can often lead to coma and death b. Emotional Injury i. Decreasing a woman’s self-esteem ii. Name calling and damaging relationships with family and friends c. Sexual Abuse i. Never, even in a committed relationship, should a person be forced to have sex with their partner ii. Regardless of relationship status (i.e. married, engaged, dating) a woman always has the right to say no   1. Rape can occur within a relationship

d. Psychological i. Forcing isolation from family and friends ii. Fear by intimidation III. How to recognize if you or a friend has been a victim a. Monitor how they act around each other i. If male answers for female ii. Check for unexplainable injuries (Ex: Black eye from tripping while doing laundry) b. It is never alright to become physical with one another i. Many studies suggest that aggression is an act of intimacy IV. What can you do to get help a. Find a shelter i. If you are a victim of recurrent domestic violence: 1. Pack a bag, leave it in the car a. Have spare keys b. Enough clothing for you and your family c. Enough money to escape from the situation (i.e. money for gas, food and a hotel room until back on your feet) 2. Have a plan a. Where are you going to go   b. How much will it take to make you go    b. Call the Hotlines c. Support Groups